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Running boom of the 1970s

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The running boom of the 1970s occurred in high- and middle-income countries. It was particularly pronounced in the United States and occurred in other countries including the United Kingdom and other European countries, Australia and New Zealand.[1][2]

The boom was primarily a 'jogging' movement in which running was generally limited to personal physical activity and often pursued alone for recreation and fitness. It was also associated with a growth in public participation in competitive road running during the decade, particularly in the United States, which spread to other countries in the following decade, including the United Kingdom.[3] It is estimated that 25 million Americans took up some aspect of running in the 1970s and 1980s,[4] including President Jimmy Carter.[5] With more running events, shoe and apparel manufacturers grew and formed to accommodate the demand.

The boom attracted women and individuals in minority communities, but studies from the time showed that participants in running races were most commonly university-educated men in white-collar occupations.[1][6]

Background

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Growth in jogging began in the late 1960s,[1] building on a post-World War II trend towards non-organized, individualistic, health-oriented physical and recreational activities.[7][8]

In New Zealand, Arthur Lydiard presided over the country's golden era in world track and field during the 1960s. Lydiard published Run to the Top in 1962 and in the same year introduced Bill Bowerman to the concept of running as a fitness routine, including for people of an advanced age. Bowerman took running back to the United States; he began a public jogging program at Hayward Field in 1963 and published Jogging in 1966 which helped to popularize the concept in the U.S.[9][10] Jim Ryun grew from a top high school runner into an American sports hero and had a popular rivalry with Marty Liquori.[11][12][13][14] American athletes such as Steve Prefontaine raised the profile of the sport.[15][16]

1972 Olympic marathon

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Main article: Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

Frank Shorter's victory in the men's marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics is credited with inspiring the running boom in the United States.[17][18][19][20][21] He was the third American to win the Olympic marathon, but the first since 1908. The victory was covered by ABC, including dramatic coverage of the finish, when a German imposter ran into the stadium ahead of Shorter.[22] Serving as guest color commentator was writer Erich Segal, who called out over the airwaves (but obviously inaudible to Shorter) "It's a fraud, Frank."[23] In 2000, the Washington Post included the phrase among the ten most memorable American sports calls.[23]

The television story changed the way Americans viewed the sport of long-distance running. According to Joe Muldowney, at the time "most Americans had no idea what the marathon was, let alone its weird 26.2-mile distance. Some folks may have heard of the Boston Marathon, an event that had been held since 1897, but few Americans had the desire to tackle the race itself."[24][25]

Growth in participation

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The boom was primarily a 'jogging' movement in which running was generally limited to personal physical activity and often pursued alone for recreation and fitness.[1][26]

Elite athletes and events contributed to the growing popularity and recognition of the sport. Finnish athlete Lasse Virén recaptured the image of the "Flying Finns". American runners including Bill Rodgers and Craig Virgin inspired the public. New elite teams formed, notably Athletics West in the United States. The British trio Sebastian Coe, Steve Cram and Steve Ovett, dominated middle distance running in the late 1970s and 1980s.[27][28][29][30]

Many new road racing events evolved in the United States offering public participation. As technology improved, television coverage of major races eventually included:

The growth in road racing events spread to other countries including the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and to Europe in the following decade.[1][2] In the UK, public interest and participation in running grew after Olympians Chris Brasher and John Disley founded the London Marathon and Brendan Foster started the Great North Run both in 1981.[3] Several British runners who began running in the 1970s achieved "Big City" marathon wins in the 1980s, including Steve Jones (Chicago, New York and London), Charlie Spedding (London), Mike Gratton (London), Paul Davies-Hale (Chicago), Geoff Smith (Boston), Hugh Jones (London), Priscilla Welch (New York), Veronique Marot (London) and Joyce Smith (London).[31]

Women were just beginning to become accepted as athletes. Road running and marathoning became a place they could excel. Female pioneers in the United States including Kathrine Switzer, Jacqueline Hansen and Miki Gorman led other women to believe they could run seriously. Mary Decker, Francie Larrieu and Norway's Grete Waitz were all part of a phenomenon that culminated in Joan Benoit's 1984 Olympic Marathon victory, which itself inspired more women to run.[32]

In the United States, Title IX, mandating gender equality, was passed in the United States in 1972, opening up scholastic athletic opportunities for women. Many academic institutions used running sports like cross country and track and field for women to help numerically offset the number of players on their economically lucrative football teams.[33][34]

It is estimated that 25 million Americans took up some aspect of running in the 1970s and 1980s,[4] including President Jimmy Carter.[5] Many running events, shoe and apparel manufacturers grew and formed to accommodate the demand.[35] While the boom attracted women and individuals in minority communities, studies from the time showed that participants in running races were most commonly university-educated men in white-collar occupations.[1][6]

Media in the United States

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Many factors combined to build momentum for the boom in the United States. Media coverage was responsive and supportive of the boom.

Notable publications included:

  • Runner's World magazine, launched in 1966 and became a monthly in 1973. Competitors included Running, The Runner and Running Times, which eventually merged in various forms.
  • Jim Fixx published The Complete Book of Running in 1977, which became a best seller.[36]
  • George Sheehan wrote Running and Being in 1978, a philosophical approach which also became a best seller.[37]

Other running authors and writers:

Legacy

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In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a second running boom occurred in Europe and North America marked by a more notable increase in participation in organized races. The number of finishers of road races of all distances in the United States increased by 300% between 1990 and 2013;[1][38] followed by a decline in 2014-15.[1][39]

Studies have shown a continuous trend of 'democratization' among participants of running events since 1969 with broader socio-demographic representation among participants, including more female finishers, although some evidence is mixed and participation still varies by country and event.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nilson, Finn; Lundkvist, Erik; Wagnsson, Stefan; Gustafsson, Henrik (2019-12-19). "Has the second 'running boom' democratized running? A study on the sociodemographic characteristics of finishers at the world's largest half marathon". Sport in Society. 24 (4): 659–669. doi:10.1080/17430437.2019.1703687. ISSN 1743-0437.
  2. ^ a b "The second running boom". POGO Physio Gold Coast. 2015-10-21. Retrieved 2020-11-05. As well as the USA, the first running boom did spread to other countries, including the UK Australia, and New Zealand
  3. ^ a b "Seb Coe: The London Marathon made running a normal thing to do". Evening Standard. 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2020-11-05. in the early 1970s ... people just didn't run unless they were members of the local athletics club. ... The marathon runner was looked on as a slightly quirky, sometimes eccentric, figure. That ... changed ... quite dramatically in April 1981 ... Olympians Chris Brasher and John Disley ... were inspired by the running revolution that was taking place in the United States from the middle 1970s onwards and the increasing popularity of city marathons like those in New York and Boston. They decided to recreate the same classic race in London. At the same time in Newcastle the Pied Piper of British athletics, Brendan Foster, was doing the same with the first Great North Run. Suddenly, the people who turned out to line the streets, and many more at home who watched on television ... witnessed not just a handful of elite athletes at the front of the field but crucially, a lot of people making up the numbers who looked a lot like them. The combined efforts of Foster, Brasher and Disley did a great deal to change attitudes to recreational running — which was cleverly aligned to the prevailing health and fitness agenda.
  4. ^ a b "Health Benefits of Jogging and Running". Motleyhealth.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  5. ^ a b "Nation: I've Got to Keep Trying". TIME. 1979-10-01. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  6. ^ a b Leavy, Jane; Okie, Susan (1979-09-30). "The Runner: Phenomenon Of the '70s". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-11-06. He is white, white collar and well off.
  7. ^ Haberman, Aaron (2017-05-01). "Escape and Pursuit: Contrasting Visions of the 1970s Long-Distance Running Boom in American Popular Culture". Sport History Review. 48 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1123/shr.2016-0016. ISSN 1543-2947.
  8. ^ Fit Bodies. Fitness Culture and Gym Sassatelli, Roberta. 2006.
  9. ^ "Jogging for Everyone". Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  10. ^ Bill Gallagher (June 2006). "Bowerman: The man, the legend and the new biography by Kenny Moore". Brainstorm NW.
  11. ^ "Lab Report: What Do We Know Now?". Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  12. ^ "Why was distance running so popular in the 70s (or 80s)? Was it more popular than football?". Letsrun.com. 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  13. ^ All articles by Mario (2010-11-07). "The Power Of Running | Competitor.com". Running.competitor.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  14. ^ "Classic Corner - "Going for it"". Billrodgersrunningcenter.com. 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  15. ^ "Gorun.me". Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  16. ^ "Learning From The Greats, Herb Elliott, Billy Mills, Steve Prefontaine". Runningthehighlands.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  17. ^ Stracher, Cameron (3 November 2012). "Running on Empty: An American Sports Tradition Fades". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  18. ^ "Who Knew? The Running Boom Re-Booms. - C.W. Nevius Blog". Sfgate.com. 2006-11-06. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  19. ^ "Dr J on Running - Running Boom, Racing Bust". Jabbour.org. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  20. ^ Douglas (2010-03-25). "Notes on a Running Life: The Third Running Boom". Notesonarunninglife.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  21. ^ CHAT: BILL RODGERS, Runner's World, 10/27/2006.
  22. ^ "Globetrotting: Marathon Men: The dynamic dozen". Newsblogs.chicagotribune.com. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  23. ^ a b "poll". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  24. ^ "U.S. in another 'running boom' - Sports". Republican Herald. 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  25. ^ "The First Boston Marathon". Boston Athletic Association. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  26. ^ Haberman, Aaron L. (2017-03-22). "Thousands of Solitary Runners Come Together: Individualism and Communitarianism in the 1970s Running Boom". Journal of Sport History. 44 (1): 35–49. doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.44.1.0035. ISSN 2155-8450. S2CID 151579353.
  27. ^ "What was the Bannister legacy?". 2004-05-07. Retrieved 2020-11-05. Then came the glorious era of the 1970s and 1980s, when the British trio of Seb Coe, Steve Ovett and Steve Cram
  28. ^ "Steve Ovett". www.thegreatdistancerunners.de. Retrieved 2020-11-05. The British trio of Steve Ovett, Sebastian Coe and Steve Cram has in the 1970s and 1980s written one of the most impressive chapters of world middle distance running history.
  29. ^ Crawley, Michael (2013-03-11). "Faster in the 1980s: an experiment in old-school running training". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-12. The world of running has changed a lot since its British heyday in the 1970s and 1980s.
  30. ^ "We will never see their like again – Sports Journalists' Association". 9 June 2008. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  31. ^ British Marathon Running Legends of the 1980s (First ed.). Gabrielle Collison. 2013-11-17.
  32. ^ "Take A Look Back At Running In The 1970s". Women's Running. 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  33. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ Cleaver, Skip (2007-06-19). "A Look Back at Title IX with Joan Benoit Samuelson". ACTIVE. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  35. ^ Stracher, Cameron (3 November 2012). "Running on Empty: An American Sports Tradition Fades". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  36. ^ "Legacy of Jim Fixx". Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  37. ^ "Sheehan's Running and Being - message in 'Running & Being' by George Sheehan - Brief Article - Running & FitNews Articles | Find Articles at CBS MoneyWatch.com". Archived from the original on 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  38. ^ McDougall, Christopher (2009-07-20). "To live is to jog". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 2020-11-06. Three times in modern history, distance-running has skyrocketed. Each time, it's been in the midst of a major crisis. In the US, the first boom came during the Great Depression. The next was in the 1970s, during a recession, race riots, assassinations, and the war in Vietnam. And the third boom? One year after the 9/11 attacks, trail running suddenly became the fastest-growing outdoor sport in the US.
  39. ^ Bachman, Rachel (2016-05-06). "How Millennials Ended the Running Boom". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
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